20th century

In the 20th century CE, Kolhapur evolved into a modern, progressive princely state and later became an integral part of independent India. It was a century marked by social reform, education, nationalism, industrial growth, and continued devotion to the Mahalakshmi Temple. The role of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj was especially transformative during this period.

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?️ Kolhapur in the 20th Century CE

1. ? Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj – Social Reformer King

Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj (r. 1894–1922) was one of the most progressive rulers in Indian history.

He led major social, educational, and economic reforms:

Introduced reservations (affirmative action) in education and jobs for backward cles (1902).

Opened schools for girls, Dalits, and Muslims.

Supported Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in his early education.

Worked to abolish untouchability and caste discrimination.

Kolhapur became a model state for social justice in India.

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2. ?? Freedom Movement and Integration into India

Though Kolhapur remained a princely state under British suzerainty until 1947, it was politically active.

After India’s independence (1947), Kolhapur was merged into the Bombay State in 1949.

In 1960, it became part of the state of Maharashtra.

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3. ? Mahalakshmi Temple – Cultural & Religious Heart

The Mahalakshmi Temple remained a major pilgrimage site throughout the 20th century.

Celebrated festivals like:

Navratri (especially grand in Kolhapur)

Kirnotsav (when sun rays fall on the goddess idol)

Managed by temple trusts, with government oversight introduced after independence.

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4. ? Education, Arts, and Culture

Under and after Shahu Maharaj’s reign:

Schools and colleges were established (e.g., Rajaram College).

Support for theatre, clical music, wrestling (kushti), and Marathi literature.

Kolhapur became known as a cultural capital in southern Maharashtra.

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5. ? Industrial and Urban Development

Kolhapur developed into an industrial city, especially known for:

Foundries and casting industries

Textiles and sugar mills

Handicrafts (Kolhapuri chappals, jewelry)

Modern infrastructure: roads, water supply, electricity, and rail links expanded.

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6. ? Kolhapur and Indian Cinema

Kolhapur played a key role in the early Indian film industry.

Home to legendary filmmakers like Baburao Painter and V. Shantaram.

The Kolhapur school of cinema was one of the birthplaces of Marathi and early Indian cinema.

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? Summary Table: Kolhapur in the 20th Century

Aspect Description

Rulers Early 20th century: Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj (progressive ruler)

Post-1947 Status Merged with India in 1949, now in Maharashtra since 1960

Social Reform Caste equality, women's education, reservations, abolition of untouchability

Religion Mahalakshmi Temple remained vibrant and central

Language & Culture Marathi literature, clical arts, cinema, wrestling flourished

Industry Sugar, textiles, foundries, traditional crafts (Kolhapuri chappals)

Education Schools and colleges opened widely; literacy improved

Cinema Early Marathi films and artists emerged from Kolhapur

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? Important Figures:

Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj – Pioneer of social justice and modern education.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar – Supported by Shahu Maharaj in his early career.

Baburao Painter & V. Shantaram – Film pioneers from Kolhapur.