20th century
Description
The 20th century was a transformative period for Kolhapur, marked by progressive social reforms, the end of monarchical rule, and full integration into modern India. Under visionary rulers like Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj, Kolhapur became a pioneer in education, social justice, and caste reform. Later, it evolved into a modern city within the Indian state of Maharashtra.
✅ Major Things That Happened in Kolhapur During the 20th Century:
? 1. Progressive Reforms Under Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj (1901–1922)
Pioneer of reservations: Introduced affirmative action (reservations) in education and jobs for lower castes (Backward Cles) — a first in India.
Education for all: Made primary education free and compulsory, especially for girls and oppressed communities.
Abolished untouchability: Promoted inter-caste dining, temple entry for Dalits, and other reforms.
Patron of Jyotirao Phule and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Established hostels, schools, and scholarships for marginalized students.
✅ Legacy: Kolhapur became a model state for social justice before Indian independence.
⚖️ 2. Continued Modernization by Successors (1922–1949)
Rajaram III and Shahaji II Bhonsle promoted:
Infrastructure: roads, irrigation, electricity
Public health: hospitals, sanitation
Industry and crafts: promoted Kolhapuri chappals, textiles, and sugar industries
?? 3. Interaction with the British Raj
Kolhapur remained a princely state under British suzerainty until 1949.
The British Political Agent monitored court decisions and major policy matters.
Despite this, the Bhonsle rulers had significant autonomy in internal governance.
?? 4. Merger With Independent India (1949)
March 31, 1949: Kolhapur officially merged with the Dominion of India.
Became part of Bombay State, and later Maharashtra (after 1960 reorganization).
The monarchy was abolished; the Bhonsle title became ceremonial.
?️ 5. Urban Growth and Civic Development
Kolhapur evolved into a modern municipal city with:
Railways, bus terminals
Educational institutions (Rajaram College, Shivaji University in 1962)
Hospitals and marketplaces
Became a regional hub for sugar production, textiles, and wrestling (kushti).
? 6. Cultural Revival and Identity
Continued patronage of:
Mahalakshmi Temple (a major Shakti Peeth)
Marathi theater and arts
Kolhapuri cuisine, jewelry, and leatherwork
Known as a center for Maratha pride and reformist politics.
? 7. Educational and Political Influence
Shahu’s policies inspired social justice movements across India.
Kolhapur contributed to the non-Brahmin movement, Ambedkarite activism, and the early Dalit movement.
Educators, journalists, and freedom fighters from Kolhapur were active in India’s independence struggle.
✅ Summary – What Happened in Kolhapur During the 20th Century:
| Area | Key Developments |
|---|---|
| ? Monarchy & Reforms | Shahu Maharaj's social reforms, education, caste equality |
| ?? Colonial Period | Continued under British suzerainty until 1949 |
| ?? Merger with India | Integrated into Indian Union in 1949 |
| ?️ Urban Development | Modern city infrastructure, industry, and public health |
| ? Education & Culture | Schools, colleges, theater, wrestling, Kolhapuri products |
| ? Political Thought | Shaped social justice, Dalit upliftment, and reformist policies |
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