19th century

During the 19th century, Kolhapur underwent significant changes due to the increasing influence of the British colonial administration, a series of internal reforms, and cultural developments. While the state retained its status as a Maratha princely state, much of its political independence was curtailed under British indirect rule.

✅ Major Events and Developments in Kolhapur During the 19th Century:

? 1. Kolhapur as a Princely State Under British Suzerainty

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  After the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818), Kolhapur signed a treaty with the British East India Company.

  
  


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  It became a princely state under British suzerainty (not annexed but under British control in foreign policy and defense).

  
  


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  Kolhapur retained internal autonomy, with the Bhonsle family continuing to rule.

  
  

⚖️ 2. British Political Agents and Resident Rule

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  A British Resident was posted in Kolhapur to oversee administration and ensure British interests.

  
  


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  British influence grew in law, taxation, and military reforms.

  
  


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  Several minority successions led to regents and British intervention in court affairs.

  
  

? 3. Rulers of Kolhapur in the 19th Century

⚙️ 4. Modernization and Reforms (especially under Shahu I)

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  Shahu Chhatrapati I, who came to power in 1884, launched progressive reforms:

  
  
  
  
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    Abolished caste-based discrimination

    
    
  
  
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    Promoted education for backward castes

    
    
  
  
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    Supported non-Brahmin movements and reservation in government jobs

    
    
  
  
  
  


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  Established industrial schools, hospitals, and hostels.

  
  


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  Advocated women’s education and widow remarriage.

  
  

? 5. Religious and Cultural Activities

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  Continued royal patronage of the Mahalakshmi Temple.

  
  


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  Kolhapur became a center of Sanskrit learning, as well as Marathi literature and theater.

  
  


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  Wrestling (kushti) and traditional sports were sponsored by the royal court.

  
  

?️ 6. Infrastructure and Urban Development

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  British and royal cooperation led to the construction of:

  
  
  
  
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    Public buildings

    
    
  
  
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    Palaces (e.g., New Palace built in 1884)

    
    
  
  
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    Roads, canals, and schools

    
    
  
  
  
  


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  Kolhapur began evolving into a modern princely capital.

  
  

? 7. Printing, Education, and Social Movements

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  Printing presses and newspapers began to appear in the late 19th century.

  
  


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  Spread of education among non-Brahmins influenced by Shahu Maharaj.

  
  


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  Kolhapur became a hotbed for early social reform movements that would influence 20th-century India.

  
  

✅ Summary – What Happened in Kolhapur During the 19th Century: